[What needs do experts and future Physical Activity and Sport professionals perceive to promote healthy aging? Professionals and students' views]. / ¿Qué necesidades perciben los expertos y los futuros profesionales de la Actividad Física y del Deporte para promover un envejecimiento saludable? Visión de profesionales y estudiantes.

INTRODUCTION: Physical activity acts as an adjuvant in the treatment of numerous diseases and in the promotion of healthy aging. Increasing longevity entails an increase in the demand for professionals who prescribe physical activity, specifically physiotherapists and physical-activity educators. OBJECTIVES: The main objective of this study was to explore the perceptions of a group of third- and fourth-year Physiotherapy students (n=9) and Sport Sciences students (n=5), and experts who work with older adults (n=3) about their knowledge of the older adult population and healthy aging. The secondary objectives were to: (a) explore what knowledge future professionals need about physical activity programming and about physical activity programs aimed at maintaining and improving health among older adults; (b) explore what would be the best methodology to acquire such knowledge; and (c) explore whether a relationship is perceived between knowledge about the older adult population and motivation to work with this population group. METHODS: Two discussion groups with students and three interviews with experts were conducted. Discussion groups and interviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed through a reflexive thematic analysis, following the steps described by Braun and Clarke (2021). RESULTS: Three themes were identified from the discussion groups: (1) conception and ideas about older adults, (2) skills and knowledge perceived as important, and (3) proposals for motivational intervention addressed to the older population. Four themes were identified from the interviews with experts: (1) characteristics of the future professional, (2) physical activity programs for older people: the recipe for success, (3) the role of enjoyment as key to success, and (4) barriers/obstacles along the path. CONCLUSION: Students of both degrees and experts believe that more practical training opportunities are needed, to enable students to interact with the older population and get to know their needs, motivations, and barriers, to increase physical activity levels in this population group.

Association of Physical Fitness and Anthropometric Parameters With Lung Function in 7-Year-Old Children.

PURPOSE: Associations between health-related parameters and lung function remain unclear in childhood. The study aims to evaluate the relationship between physical fitness and anthropometric parameters with the lung function of healthy scholar-aged children. METHOD: A total of 418 children aged 7 years old participated in this study. The associations of physical fitness (handgrip strength, standing broad jump, and 800-m run) and anthropometric (waist circumference and body mass index) parameters with lung function (forced vital capacity and forced expiratory volume in 1 s) were analyzed using a mixed-linear regression model. RESULTS: Girls had significantly lower forced vital capacity values (P = .006) and physical fitness (P < .030) compared to boys. On mixed-linear regression analyses, waist circumference (P = .003) was independently associated with forced vital capacity, explaining 34.6% of its variance, while handgrip strength (P = .042) and waist circumference (P = .010) were independently associated with forced expiratory volume in 1 second, accounting together for 26.5% of its variance in 7-year-old healthy children. CONCLUSIONS: Handgrip strength and waist circumference were associated with lung function in healthy children highlighting the influence of upper body muscular strength and trunk dimension on lung function. Our results corroborate the need to promote physical fitness during childhood to protect against lung complications in later on in life.

Salivary cardiac-enriched FHL2-interacting protein is associated with higher diastolic-to-systolic-blood pressure ratio, sedentary time and center of pressure displacement in healthy 7-9 years old school-children.

Introduction: Cardiac-enriched FHL2-interacting protein (CEFIP) is a recently identified protein, first found in the z-disc of striated muscles, and related to cardiovascular diseases. Our objectives are: 1) to quantify CEFIP in saliva in healthy 7-9 years old school-children; and 2) to assess the associations of salivary CEFIP concentration and blood pressure, physical (in)activity and physical fitness in these children. Methods: A total of 72 children (7.6 ± 0.3 years) were included in the study, recruited in primary schools in Girona (Spain). A sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used (abx506878; Abbexa, United Kingdom) to quantify CEFIP in saliva. Anthropometric evaluation was performed [body mass, height and body mass index (BMI)]. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure were measured by means of an electronic oscillometer and the diastolic-to-systolic blood pressure ratio (D/S BP ratio) was calculated. Physical (in)activity [sedentary time and time spent in physical activity (PA)] were assessed by means of a triaxial Actigraph GT3X accelerometer (Actigraph, Pensacola, FL, USA) that children were instructed to wear for 24h during 7 conssecutive days. Finally, physical fitness (speed and agility, explosive power of legs, handgrip strength, flexibility and balance) were assessed through validated and standardized testing batteries. Results: CEFIP was easily detected and measured in all saliva samples (mean concentration: 0.6 ± 0.2 pg/ml). Salivary CEFIP was positively associated with D/S BP ratio (r=0.305, p=0.010) and sedentary time (r=0.317, p=0.012), but negatively associated with PA in 7-9 years old school-children (r=-0.350, p=0.002). Furthermore, salivary CEFIP was related to lower level of balance i.e., higher center of pressure (CoP) displacement in these children (r=0.411, p<0.001). The associations of salivary CEFIP with D/S BP ratio (Beta=0.349, p=0.004), sedentary time (Beta=0.354, p=0.009) and CoP displacement (Beta=0.401, p=0.001), were maintained significant after adjustment for potential confounding variables such as age, gender and BMI in linear regression analyses. Conclusion: CEFIP can be easily assessed in saliva as a promising biomarker associated with cardiovascular health in 7-9 years old school-children. Interestingly, higher salivary CEFIP concentration was related to higher D/S BP ratio, more sedentary time and higher CoP displacement i.e., lower level of balance in these children.

Results From Spain's 2022 Para Report Cards on Physical Activity of Children and Adolescents With Disabilities.

This report aims to provide a better understanding of physical activity (PA) and related factors among Spanish children and adolescents living with disabilities. The 10 indicators used for the Global Matrix on Para Report Cards of children and adolescents living with disabilities were evaluated based on the best available data in Spain. An analysis of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats based on data provision was drafted by three experts and critically reviewed by the authorship team to provide a national perspective for each evaluated indicator. Government was the indicator with the highest grade (C+), followed by Sedentary Behaviors (C-), School (D), Overall PA (D-), and Community & Environment (F). The remaining indicators received an incomplete grade. There were low levels of PA in Spanish children and adolescents living with disabilities. Yet, opportunities to improve the current surveillance of PA among this population exist.

[Physical exercise and sports in eating disorders]. / Actividad física y deporte en los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria.

Introduction: Physical activity (PA) is recognized as a key aspect in the prevention and treatment of psychological problems. PA recommendations to maintain and improve mental health were recently updated. Despite the fact that PA can be pivotal in interventions to prevent and treat eating disorders (ED), the role and dose of PA for this purpose are unknown. The papers analyzed in this review highlight the importance of PA in intervention programs to prevent and treat ED. Emerging evidence suggests that the PA we enjoy practicing, considered important and chosen, is associated with a positive effect on mental health, while the PA performed out of a feeling of guilt, pressure or a feeling of being forced to do it is associated with a negative effect. This review highlights that the evidence available is limited to suggest a harmful impact of PA in primary prevention interventions for eating disorders and suggests practical recommendations for future interventions as well as recommendations for future research.

Introducción: La actividad física (AF) está reconocida como un aspecto clave en la prevención y tratamiento de problemas psicológicos. Recientemente se han actualizado las recomendaciones de su práctica con el fin de mantener y mejorar la salud mental. La AF puede resultar de gran importancia en las intervenciones para prevenir y tratar los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria (TCA). Sin embargo, se desconocen el rol y la dosis para este fin. Los trabajos presentados en la revisión destacan la importancia de la AF en los programas de intervención para prevenir y tratar los TCA. La evidencia emergente sugiere que la AF que disfrutamos, considerada importante y elegida, se asocia con un efecto positivo para la salud mental, mientras que la AF realizada por un sentimiento de culpa, presión o sentimiento de estar forzado a realizarla se asocia a un efecto negativo. La revisión realizada destaca que no hay suficiente evidencia para sugerir que hay un impacto nocivo de la AF en las intervenciones de prevención primaria de los TCA. Se proponen recomendaciones prácticas dentro de futuras intervenciones, así como, recomendaciones para futuras investigaciones.

Effects of Crawling before Walking: Network Interactions and Longitudinal Associations in 7-Year-Old Children.

BACKGROUND: To study the impact of crawling before walking (CBW) on network interactions among body composition, the cardiovascular system, lung function, motor competence and physical fitness, at age 7, and to assess the longitudinal association between CBW and body composition, the cardiovascular system, lung function, motor competence, physical fitness and physical activity parameters, at age 7. METHOD: CBW, body composition, cardiovascular system, lung function, motor competence, physical fitness and physical activity were assessed in seventy-seven healthy Caucasian children. RESULTS: Network analyses revealed that the crawling group had a greater number of links among all the studied variables compared with the non-crawling group. In the longitudinal study, using multiple regression analyses, crawling was independently associated with fat mass (%), fat-to-muscle ratio and systolic blood pressure, with models explaining up to 56.3%, 56.7% and 29.9% of their variance, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: CBW during child's development is a possible modulator in the network interactions between body systems and it could influence future metabolic and cardiovascular health.

Meeting 24-h movement guidelines: Prevalence, correlates, and associations with socioemotional behavior in Spanish minors.

The aims of this study were to determine for the first time the prevalence of a national sample of Spanish minors meeting the 24-h movement guidelines; to determine their correlates; and to examine their associations with socioemotional behavioral problems. Cross-sectional data from the Spanish National Health Survey (2017) were analyzed for this study. A total of 3772 Spanish minors were included. Physical activity was parent-reported by a modified short version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire, which included a single question related to the participation in physical activity in free time. Recreational screen time was parent-reported by asking respondents for weekdays and weekends independently: "How much time does your child typically spend in front of a screen, including a computer, tablet, television, video, video game, or cell phone screen?". Sleep duration was parent-reported by the following question: "Can you tell me approximately how many hours your child usually sleeps daily?". The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire was applied for the evaluation of socioemotional behavioral problems. The prevalence of meeting of all the three guidelines was 13.5%. Compared to meeting all guidelines, higher odds of socioemotional behavioral problems were found in participants meeting two guidelines (OR = 1.42; CI95%, 1.10-1.83), one guideline (OR = 1.50; 95%CI,1.14-1.96), or none of the guidelines (OR = 1.92; 95%CI,1.30-2.83). Our study demonstrated that the proportion of Spanish minors who meet with all the 24-h movement guidelines is low. Furthermore, it could be relevant to the promotion of the 24-h movement guidelines to prevent the risk of socioemotional behavioral problems.

Actividad física y deporte en los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria / Physical exercise and sports in eating disorders

La actividad física (AF) está reconocida como un aspecto clave en la prevención y tratamiento de problemas psicológicos. Recientemente se han actualizado las recomendaciones de su práctica con el fin de mantener y mejorar la salud mental. La AF puede resultar de gran importancia en las intervenciones para prevenir y tratar los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria (TCA). Sin embargo, se desconocen el rol y la dosis para este fin. Los trabajos presentados en la revisión destacan la importancia de la AF en los programas de intervención para prevenir y tratar los TCA. La evidencia emergente sugiere que la AF que disfrutamos, considerada importante y elegida, se asocia con un efecto positivo para la salud mental, mientras que la AF realizada por un sentimiento de culpa, presión o sentimiento de estar forzado a realizarla se asocia a un efecto negativo. La revisión realizada destaca que no hay suficiente evidencia para sugerir que hay un impacto nocivo de la AF en las intervenciones de prevención primaria de los TCA. Se proponen recomendaciones prácticas dentro de futuras intervenciones, así como, recomendaciones para futuras investigaciones (AU)

Physical activity (PA) is recognized as a key aspect in the prevention and treatment of psychological problems. PA recommendations to maintain and improve mental health were recently updated. Despite the fact that PA can be pivotal in interventions to prevent and treat eating disorders (ED), the role and dose of PA for this purpose are unknown. The papers analyzed in this review highlight the importance of PA in intervention programs to prevent and treat ED. Emerging evidence suggests that the PA we enjoy practicing, considered important and chosen, is associated with a positive effect on mental health, while the PA performed out of a feeling of guilt, pressure or a feeling of being forced to do it is associated with a negative effect. This review highlights that the evidence available is limited to suggest a harmful impact of PA in primary prevention interventions for eating disorders and suggests practical recommendations for future interventions as well as recommendations for future research (AU)

Physical fitness in Catalan children in relation to parental tobacco use and other associated factors / Nivell de condició física en infants catalans relacionat amb l'hàbit tabàquic dels progenitors i d'altres factors associats

INTRODUCTION: Physical fitness level in children and adolescents is determined, partly, by the specific social and cultural context of each country. There is a lack of information about physical fitness level of Catalan children and its relation with parental socioeconomic and education level and anthropometric parameters. The aim of this study is to assess the physical fitness level of Catalan children and to examine the association with family environment and parental anthropometric characteristics and smoking. METHODS AND MATERIALS: This is an observational, cross-sectional, descriptive and analytic study of 8- and 9-year-old schoolchildren. Physical fitness level was assessed with "ALPHA-FITNESS battery" and familiar environment and progenitors' characteristics with ALADINO family questionnaire. Differences between group means were assessed using Student's t test and analysis of variance (ANOVA) and relation between variables by Pearson correlation coefficient. RESULTS: 269 children participated, 146 male (54.2%). Higher parental education level is associated to a better cardiorespiratory condition in their offspring. Those children whose fathers have higher education have a lower waist perimeter and lower body mass index. Children whose parents are not regular smokers have a better physical fitness. A positive correlation between body mass indexes of parents and children is observed, while a negative correlation between the maternal body mass index and both the musculoskeletal and cardiorespiratory conditions of the children is found. CONCLUSION: Children's physical fitness is related with education level, body mass index and smoking pattern of their parents

INTRODUCCIÓN: El nivel de condición física de la población infantil está determinado, en parte, por el contexto sociocultural específico de cada país. Hay una carencia de datos sobre el nivel de condición física de los niños catalanes y la relación de esta con las características del entorno familiar y de los progenitores. El objetivo del trabajo es medir el nivel de condición física de niños catalanes y su relación con el entorno familiar y las características antropométricas y tabaquismo de los progenitores. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio observacional transversal descriptivo y analítico de escolares de 8 y 9 años. El nivel de condición física se evaluó mediante la "Batería ALPHA-FITNESS" y las características del entorno familiar y de los progenitores con el cuestionario del estudio ALADINO. Las medias se compararon con la t de Student y el análisis de la varianza (ANOVA) y la relación entre variables con el coeficiente de correlación de Pearson. RESULTADOS: Participaron 269 niños/as, 146 niños (54,2%). A mayor nivel de estudios de los progenitores, mayor condición cardiorespiratoria de los niños/as, mientras que el nivel de estudios del padre está inversamente relacionado con el perímetro de cintura y el índice de masa corporal. Los niños/as con padres no fumadores habituales tienen mejor condición física. Se observa una correlación positiva entre el índice de masa corporal de los progenitores y el de los niños/as, y negativa entre el índice de masa corporal de la madre y la condición musculoesquelética y cardiorespiratoria de los hijos/as. CONCLUSIÓN: El nivel de condición física de los niños/as está relacionado con el nivel educativo, el índice de masa corporal y el hábito tabáquico de los dos progenitores

Benefits of the Mediterranean diet: Epidemiological and molecular aspects.

More than 50 years after the Seven Countries Study, a large number of epidemiological studies have explored the relationship between the Mediterranean diet (MD) and health, through observational, case-control, some longitudinal and a few experimental studies. The overall results show strong evidence suggesting a protective effect of the MD mainly on the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and certain types of cancer. The beneficial effects have been attributed to the types of food consumed, total dietary pattern, components in the food, cooking techniques, eating behaviors and lifestyle behaviors, among others. The aim of this article is to review and summarize the knowledge derived from the literature focusing on the benefits of the MD on health, including those that have been extensively investigated (CVD, cancer) along with more recent issues such as mental health, immunity, quality of life, etc. The review begins with a brief description of the MD and its components. Then we present a review of studies evaluating metabolic biomarkers and genotypes in relation to the MD. Other sections are dedicated to observation and intervention studies for various pathologies. Finally, some insights into the relationship between the MD and sustainability are explored. In conclusion, the research undertaken on metabolomics approaches has identified potential markers for certain MD components and patterns, but more investigation is needed to obtain valid measures. Further evaluation of gene-MD interactions are also required to better understand the mechanisms by which the MD diet exerts its beneficial effects on health. Observation and intervention studies, particularly PREDIMED, have provided invaluable data on the benefits of the MD for a wide range of chronic diseases. However further research is needed to explore the effects of other lifestyle components associated with Mediterranean populations, its environmental impact, as well as the MD extrapolation to non-Mediterranean contexts.

Global Matrix 3.0 Physical Activity Report Card Grades for Children and Youth: Results and Analysis From 49 Countries.

BACKGROUND: Accumulating sufficient moderate to vigorous physical activity is recognized as a key determinant of physical, physiological, developmental, mental, cognitive, and social health among children and youth (aged 5-17 y). The Global Matrix 3.0 of Report Card grades on physical activity was developed to achieve a better understanding of the global variation in child and youth physical activity and associated supports. METHODS: Work groups from 49 countries followed harmonized procedures to develop their Report Cards by grading 10 common indicators using the best available data. The participating countries were divided into 3 categories using the United Nations' human development index (HDI) classification (low or medium, high, and very high HDI). RESULTS: A total of 490 grades, including 369 letter grades and 121 incomplete grades, were assigned by the 49 work groups. Overall, an average grade of "C-," "D+," and "C-" was obtained for the low and medium HDI countries, high HDI countries, and very high HDI countries, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The present study provides rich new evidence showing that the situation regarding the physical activity of children and youth is a concern worldwide. Strategic public investments to implement effective interventions to increase physical activity opportunities are needed.

Report Card Grades on the Physical Activity of Children and Youth Comparing 30 Very High Human Development Index Countries.

BACKGROUND: To better understand the childhood physical inactivity crisis, Report Cards on physical activity of children and youth were prepared concurrently in 30 very high Human Development Index countries. The aim of this article was to present, describe, and compare the findings from these Report Cards. METHODS: The Report Cards were developed using a harmonized process for data gathering, assessing, and assigning grades to 10 common physical activity indicators. Descriptive statistics were calculated after converting letter grades to interval variables, and correlational analyses between the 10 common indicators were performed using Spearman's rank correlation coefficients. RESULTS: A matrix of 300 grades was obtained with substantial variations within and between countries. Low grades were observed for behavioral indicators, and higher grades were observed for sources of influence indicators, indicating a disconnect between supports and desired behaviors. CONCLUSION: This analysis summarizes the level and context of the physical activity of children and youth among very high Human Development Index countries, and provides additional evidence that the situation regarding physical activity in children and youth is very concerning. Unless a major shift to a more active lifestyle happens soon, a high rate of noncommunicable diseases can be anticipated when this generation of children reaches adulthood.

Osteoarthritis and the Mediterranean Diet: A Systematic Review.

Osteoarthritis (OA) affects 240 million people globally. Few studies have examined the links between osteoarthritis and the Mediterranean diet (MD). The aim of this paper was to systematically review and analyze the epidemiological evidence in humans on the MD and its association with OA. A systematic search of EMBASE identified three studies that explored the association between MD and OA. Two of them were cross-sectional and the third one was a 16-week randomized clinical trial. Prisma declaration was followed to carry out this review. These studies described a positive association between a higher adherence to a MD and the quality of life of participants suffering OA. The prevalence of OA was lower in participants with a higher adherence to a Mediterranean diet. Biomarkers of inflammation and cartilage degradation related to OA were also analyzed and significant differences were detected only for IL1-α, which decreased in the MD group. Exploring the relationship between MD and OA is complex, moreover, the limited evidence and methodological differences in such studies makes it difficult to compare results. In conclusion, the three studies included in this systematic review demonstrated some relation between osteoarthritis and a Mediterranean diet. However, prospective and longer interventions are required to evaluate the long-term efficacy of the Mediterranean diet to improve symptomatology and preventing osteoarthritis.

Psychological mechanisms in a digital intervention to improve physical activity: A multicentre randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVES: The randomized controlled trial examined factors that might be responsible for individual differences in physical activity change among men and women who participated in a lifestyle intervention. The main purpose of the analyses regarded the role of psychological mechanisms involving motivation, planning, self-monitoring, and habit strength. DESIGN: A two-arm digital intervention was conducted in Italy, Spain, and Greece to improve physical activity levels, with follow-ups at 3 and 6 months after baseline assessment. METHODS: Participants were 1,564 adults at baseline, n = 638 at 6-month follow-up. Linear mixed models examined the intervention effects, and a two-group longitudinal structural equation model explored which psychological constructs (motivation, planning, self-monitoring, habit strength) were associated with changes in physical activity. RESULTS: In addition to an overall increase in self-reported activity, there were interactions between time and sex and between time and experimental groups, and a triple interaction between time, sex, and experimental groups, indicating that men reported an increase in activity independent of groups, whereas women in the active control group did not benefit from the intervention. Planning, self-monitoring, and habit strength mediated sequentially between initial motivation and follow-up physical activity. CONCLUSIONS: Although the intervention produced overall improvements in physical activity, the time-by-treatment interaction emerged only for women. The mechanism included a sequence leading from motivation via planning, self-monitoring, and habit strength towards physical activity. Statement of contribution What is already known on this subject? Digital lifestyle interventions can be effective in terms of physical activity performance gains. Men are on average more physically active than women. Long-term adherence rates to digital interventions are usually low. What does this study add? Giving users of an online platform more interactive options did not make a difference. Women gained more than men from adaptive, dynamic online platform content. Individual characteristics (motivation, planning, self-monitoring, habit) were more important than online treatment features.

Cumulative Effect of Obesogenic Behaviours on Adiposity in Spanish Children and Adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: Little is known about the cumulative effect of obesogenic behaviours on childhood obesity risk. We determined the cumulative effect on BMI z-score, waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), overweight and abdominal obesity of four lifestyle behaviours that have been linked to obesity. METHODS: In this cross-sectional analysis, data were obtained from the EnKid sudy, a representative sample of Spanish youth. The study included 1,614 boys and girls aged 5-18 years. Weight, height and waist circumference were measured. Physical activity (PA), screen time, breakfast consumption and meal frequency were self-reported on structured questionnaires. Obesogenic behaviours were defined as <1 h PA/day, ≥2 h/day screen time, skipping breakfast and <3 meals/day. BMI z-score was computed using age- and sex-specific reference values from the World Health Organization (WHO). Overweight including obesity was defined as a BMI > 1 SD from the mean of the WHO reference population. Abdominal obesity was defined as a WHtR ≥ 0.5. RESULTS: High screen time was the most prominent obesogenic behaviour (49.7%), followed by low physical activity (22.4%), low meal frequency (14.4%), and skipping breakfast (12.5%). Although 33% of participants were free of all 4 obesogenic behaviours, 1, 2, and 3 or 4 behaviours were reported by 44.5%, 19.3%, and 5.0%, respectively. BMI z-score and WHtR were positively associated (p < 0.001) with increasing numbers of concurrent obesogenic behaviours. The odds of presenting with obesogenic behaviours were significantly higher in children who were overweight (OR 2.68; 95% CI 1.50; 4.80) or had abdominal obesity (OR 2.12; 95% CI 1.28; 3.52); they reported more than 2 obesogenic behaviours. High maternal and parental education was inversely associated (p = 0.004 and p < 0.001, respectively) with increasing presence of obesogenic behaviours. Surrogate markers of adiposity increased with numbers of concurrent presence of obesogenic behaviours. The opposite was true for high maternal and paternal education.

Un desayuno de buena calidad aumenta la adherencia a la Dieta Mediterránea en escolares de educación primaria del Baix Montseny (Barcelona) / A good quality breakfast increases the adherence to the Mediterranean diet in primary school children from Baix Montseny (Barcelona)

Fundamentos: La ingesta regular de un desayuno de buena calidad se ha asociado con una elección de alimentos más saludable a lo largo del día. La dieta mediterránea ha sido considerada como un patrón alimentario saludable y se ha relacionado con una mejora en el estado de salud tanto en adultos como en niños y adolescentes. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la relación entre la calidad del desayuno y la adherencia a la dieta mediterránea en escolares de primaria. Métodos: Se estudiaron escolares de entre 8 y 9 años. La calidad del desayuno se evaluó con el cuestionario del estudio ALADINO y según los criterios del estudio enKid, y la evaluación de la adherencia a la dieta mediterránea con el cuestionario KIDMED. Resultados: Participaron 269 escolares, 146 niños (54,2%). La mayoría realizaba un desayuno de calidad mala (32,5%) o media (54,1%). La puntuación media del índice KIDMED fue de 7,2 (1,9). Un desayuno de buena calidad incrementó más de 4 veces (OR 4,6, IC 95% 1,4-15,1) la probabilidad de una alta adherencia a la dieta mediterránea, en relación a un desayuno de pésima-mala calidad. Conclusiones: Los escolares que consumían un desayuno de mejor calidad mostraron una mayor adherencia a la DM (AU)

Background: The intake of a healthy breakfast has been associated to a healthier food choice throughout the day. The Mediterranean diet is considered a healthy eating pattern and has been associated with an improvement in the health status of both adults and children and adolescents. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between adherence to the Mediterranean diet and the breakfast quality in primary school children. Methods: The studied population was school children aged 8 and 9 years. The breakfast quality was assessed with the ALADINO questionnaire and according to the enKid study criteria, and the assessment of adherence to the Mediterranean diet was carried out using the KIDMED questionnaire. Results: 269 school children participated, 146 male (54.2%). Most of them had a breakfast of poor (32.5%) or medium (54.1%) quality. The average score of the KIDMED index was 7.2 (1.9). Having a breakfast of good quality increased more than four-fold (OR 4.6, IC 95% 1.4-15.1) the probability of a high adherence to the Mediterranean diet, in relation to a bad-poor quality breakfast. Conclusions: School children who consumed a better quality breakfast showed greater adherence to Mediterranean dietto the Mediterranean diet and also a moderate physical activity, being greater among boys and younger (AU)

¿Por qué es importante desarrollar la competencia motriz en la infancia y la adolescencia? Base para un estilo de vida saludable / Why is it important to develop motor competence in childhood and adolescence? The basis for a healthy lifestyle

La competencia motriz (CM) es la manifestación de la habilidad motriz (HM) como respuesta contextualizada. La CM contribuye a que los jóvenes dispongan de un mayor repertorio de opciones motrices en la que se sientan competentes. En sentido opuesto, la incompetencia motriz puede llevar a una inhibición o inactividad progresiva que a la vez genera más incompetencia y menos adherencia a la actividad física (AF) en la infancia y la edad adulta. La evidencia científica muestra cómo la inclusión de AF orientada a la vivencia de experiencias ricas en HM, desarrollada por especialistas en educación física, favorecen el desarrollo de la CM en los jóvenes. A su vez, existen evidencias de que el trabajo neuromuscular integrado mejora la salud y el rendimiento de las HM. En esta línea, el presente trabajo tiene un enfoque triple: (a) definir la relación entre la CM y la práctica de AF saludable (b) justificar la necesidad de establecer un diagnóstico para el desorden por déficit de ejercicio, y (c) proponer el trabajo neuromuscular integrado como metodología para mejorar la condición física y la CM de los niños y adolescentes (AU)

Motor competence (MC) is the contextualised manifestation of fundamental motor skills (FMS). A good MC helps young people have a greater repertoire of motor options in which they feel competent to decide on their lifestyle. On the other hand, motor incompetence can lead to inhibition or progressive inactivity, which in turn generates more incompetence and fewer adherences to physical activity (PA) in childhood and adulthood. A recent meta-analysis indicated that the inclusion of PA programs oriented to participate in rich experiences in FMS, developed by specialists in physical education, increase the development of MC in young people. In turn, the evidence shows that the integrated neuromuscular training improves health and performance of FMS. In this context, the present work analyses three approaches: (I) to define the relationship between MC and healthy PA; (II) to justify the need to establish a diagnosis for exercise deficit disorder, and (III) to propose integrated neuromuscular training (INT) as a methodology to improve physical fitness and MC in children and adolescents (AU)

Who benefits from a dietary online intervention? Evidence from Italy, Spain and Greece.

OBJECTIVE: The traditional Mediterranean diet includes high consumption of fruits, vegetables, olive oil, legumes, cereals and nuts, moderate to high intake of fish and dairy products, and low consumption of meat products. Intervention effects to improve adoption of this diet may vary in terms of individuals' motivational or volitional prerequisites. In the context of a three-country research collaboration, intervention effects on these psychological constructs for increasing adoption of the Mediterranean diet were examined. DESIGN: An intervention was conducted to improve Mediterranean diet consumption with a two-month follow-up. Linear multiple-level models examined which psychological constructs (outcome expectancies, planning, action control and stage of change) were associated with changes in diet scores. SETTING: Web-based intervention in Italy, Spain and Greece. SUBJECTS: Adults (n 454; mean age 42·2 (sd 10·4) years, range 18-65 years; n 112 at follow-up). RESULTS: Analyses yielded an overall increase in the Mediterranean diet scores. Moreover, there were interactions between time and all four psychological constructs on these changes. Participants with lower levels of baseline outcome expectancies, planning, action control and stage of change were found to show steeper slopes, thus greater behavioural adoption, than those who started out with higher levels. CONCLUSIONS: The intervention produced overall improvements in Mediterranean diet consumption, with outcome expectancies, planning, action control and stage of change operating as moderators, indicating that those with lower motivational or volitional prerequisites gained more from the online intervention. Individual differences in participants' readiness for change need to be taken into account to gauge who would benefit most from the given treatment.

Proportion of children meeting recommendations for 24-hour movement guidelines and associations with adiposity in a 12-country study.

BACKGROUND: The Canadian 24-h movement guidelines were developed with the hope of improving health and future health outcomes in children and youth. The purpose of this study was to evaluate adherence to the 3 recommendations most strongly associated with health outcomes in new 24-h movement guidelines and their relationship with adiposity (obesity and body mass index z-score) across countries participating in the International Study of Childhood Obesity, Lifestyle and the Environment (ISCOLE). METHODS: Cross-sectional results were based on 6128 children aged 9-11 years from the 12 countries of ISCOLE. Sleep duration and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) were assessed using accelerometry. Screen time was measured through self-report. Body weight and height were measured. Body mass index (BMI, kg · m-2) was calculated, and BMI z-scores were computed using age- and sex-specific reference data from the World Health Organization. Obesity was defined as a BMI z-score > +2 SD. Meeting the overall 24-h movement guidelines was defined as: 9 to 11 h/night of sleep, ≤2 h/day of screen time, and at least 60 min/day of MVPA. Age, sex, highest parental education and unhealthy diet pattern score were included as covariates in statistical models. Associations between meeting vs. not meeting each single recommendation (and combinations) with obesity were assessed with odds ratios calculated using generalized linear mixed models. A linear mixed model was used to examine the differences in BMI z-scores between children meeting vs. not meeting the different combinations of recommendations. RESULTS: The global prevalence of children meeting the overall recommendations (all three behaviors) was 7%, with children from Australia and Canada showing the highest adherence (15%). Children meeting the three recommendations had lower odds ratios for obesity compared to those meeting none of the recommendations (OR = 0.28, 95% CI 0.18-0.45). Compared to not meeting the 24-h movement recommendations either independently or combined, meeting them was significantly associated with a lower BMI z-score. Whenever the MVPA recommendation was included in the analysis the odds ratios for obesity were lower. CONCLUSIONS: For ISCOLE participants meeting these 3 healthy movement recommendations the odds ratios of being obese or having high BMI z-scores were lower. However, only a small percentage of children met all recommendations. Future efforts should aim to find promising ways to increase daily physical activity, reduce screen time, and ensure an adequate night's sleep in children. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The International Study of Childhood Obesity, Lifestyle and the Environment (ISCOLE) was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (Identifier NCT01722500) (October 29, 2012).